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Ukuhlanza kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza kuyaphatha ngqo ukuphatha kwemali yokusebenza, futhi kubalulekile kubabophi bamasipala nebabopheleli ukuziqonda izinto ezinokuthinta ukusebenza kwazo. Igrader efanele kakhulu iyasebenza ngokuvamile, ibhiza amafuel angaphezulu ngaphansi kokusebenza okufanayo. Ukuziqonda lezi zinhlobo zokusebenza kusiza abasemthethweni ukuncima izindlela zokusebenza, ukunzima isikhathi sokusebenza kwamashini, nokuthuthukisa ukuphatha kwemali yeziprojekthi zonke. Ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwezimo zokusebenza kwe-grader, ubuciko bwebopha, nokubhiza kwezifuel kuyisisekelo sokuphatha kwamashini ethu manje.
Ukuhlanza kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza kwe-grader kuyidepende kwezinkinga eziningi ezihlanganisiwe, kusukela kwezinkulungwane zokuhlanza kwezinkulungwane kusukela kwezimo zomhlaba kanye nokwazi kwe-operators. Umkhakha owenziwe ngaphandle kokuhlanza kuyadinga amandla angaphezulu kwe-engine, ukudla inkulungwane yezinkulungwane, futhi ukunika imiphumela engavumelekile. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuchaza kwezinkinga eziphikisana nokuqiniseka kwesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-grader, kusiza izimpahla ukuzilungiselela ukusebenza kwezinkulungwane zabo futhi ukuncima ukudla inkulungwane engazange kube yilokho okudingekile kwezimpahla zabo.
Ukuphatha kwe-Grader Engine nokuhlanza kwezinkulungwane
Ukusebenzisa isikhathi sokuhlanza nokudla inkulungwane
Ukuphatha isikhathi esikhulu kwe-engine kubangela ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wakugrader ubuyisisele ngokuvamile. Umsebenzi wakugrader ongumfihlo wokufaka amafuel othile, amafuel othile okukhanya, nokufaka amafuel othile okukhanya kuyasebenza ngokuvamile kunezinye ezithile. Uma umsebenzi wakugrader uyaphakama izinkambo zokufaka amafuel noma uyasebenza ngamafuel othile okukhanya akhona, ukufaka amafuel ayisisele ngokuvamile, futhi leyo yisibonelo sokuthi umsebenzi uqhubeka ngokuvamile kanye nokufaka amafuel ngokuvamile. Ukuguqula i-oil ngokuphathelene nezinsizakalo, ukuguqula amafuel, nokubheka izinhlelo zokusebenza kuzosiza ukuthi umsebenzi wakugrader usebenze ngokuvamile kakhulu.
Isisistemu sesiphakeliso sesifuel sesiyingxenye esikhulu sokugrada ngoba isiphakelisa isifuel ngqo kusenginembeni. Uma isiphakeli sokugrada asisewuqondile, kubangela ukuthi kubhalekile kungafanani, kufinyelele kwekufinyelela kwe-sifuel, nokuphula kwe-sifuel. Ukuphakamisa ukuzilungiselela kwezinsizakwesibonelo kusiza abatekwisi ukubona nokulungisa izinkinga zokusiphakela kokugrada kabefore kuba kubhekise kakhulu emalungelweni okusebenza. Abaningi abasebenzisa bavuma ukuthi kubonakala ukuthuthukiswa kwe-10–15% kwesifuel sokugrada ngoweziyolo yokuqala emva kokulungiswa kwe-engine ngokuphelele.
Ukusebenza Kwesitanshini Nokusebenza Kwesistimu Yesi-hydraulic
Ukuhambisana kwe-grader kubalulekile kakhulu ekubeni kubandakanya ukuthenga kwemoto ngokuphelele, ngoba imoto kufanele isebenze ngokuphindaphinda kwe-resistance yokuhanjiswa lapho amandla ayathunyelwa emazinyeni. Amadhluli we-hydraulic ne-oil yokuhanjiswa okuhle kusetyenziswa kunciphisa ukuthabatha kwezinye, kusivumela ukuthi le grader ihambise ngokwanele futhi ithenge ngokuncipha. Amadhluli okuhanjiswa othile noma awasebenzi kahle akhuthaza ukuthabatha, kusivumela ukuthi imoto ithenge ngaphezu kwezinye ukuze ibe nespeed esifanayo noma ubukhulu bokusebenza kwe-blade yale grader.
Amaphutha kwe-hydraulic system ayincongqulwane kakhulu ekubalulekeni kwe-grader. Lapho le grader ithola ukuthi iphutha i-hydraulic pressure, umsebenzisi kufanele aqinisekise ngokuvula imoto ngaphezu kwezinye, okuyithenga ngokudirectly. Ukubuka kwezikhathi zonke kwezihlathi, amasili, nezinqamuzi ziyavumela ukuthi le grader ibe nesiphumo esihle se-hydraulic pressure, kusivumela ukuthi imoto isebenze ngokwezinye RPMs ngaphansi nakuba iyathunyela amandla amahle kwe-blade ne-moldboard.
Imisebenzi yomsebenzisi nokuthenga kwe-grader
Ukukhokha Kwezikhathi ne-Ukuphakama Kwezinkinga Zokusebenza
Umbuso wokusebenza kwe-operator ungenza umphumela omkhulu kusukela kufu kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza kwe-grader ngemini yonke. Aba-operator abanomlando bazi ukuthi ukugcina izikhathi ezisodwa nezizwele zokusebenza kunciphisa ukufu kwezinkulungwane kunokufu okuphakeme kwezinkulungwane okwenziwa ngokuguqula ukusuka kuzo nokuhamba phansi kwezikhathi eziningi. Umgrader owasebenzisa ngamakhono amathile nesikhombisa esihle sokubeka isibhamu sifuna izinkulungwane ezincinci kunomgrader owasebenzisa ngokungafani noma othembekile kwezinkulungwane futhi oshintsha ubude besibhamu ngokungafani ngemini yonke.
I-curve yokusebenza kwe-engine yomgrader ibonisa ukuthi ukufu kwezinkulungwane ngamahora kunciphiswe kwi-RPM esithile, okunjalo kuyizigaba zesikhathi 60–75% se-maximum speed yomoto. Aba-operator abazifundiswe ukugcina lezigaba zokuhle bafumana ukusebenza okuhle kwezinkulungwane zomgrader. Ukudlala kwezinkulungwane ngaphandle kokusebenza, ukuphakama kwezinkulungwane ngaphandle kokusebenza, nokunquma isibhamu somgrader konke kunciphisa ukusebenza kwezinkulungwane. Amathuba asebenzisa ukufundisa aba-operator abasebenza bafunda ukuthi kunciphisa ukufu kwezinkulungwane ngamagumbi angu-15–20% kwezinkulungwane zabo zonke.
Ukubeka Kwesibhakabhaka Nokukhathazeka Kwemithombo
Ukuthi umsebenzisi ubeka kanjani isibhakabhaka esihlukaniswe kahle kanye nokuhlanganisa isibhakabhaka sikhuluma ngqo ngokukhathazeka okufanele ukuthi umoto uyenze. Uma isibhakabhaka sibekwa ngokuphambuka kakhulu emithombweni, kuyenza ukuthi kubhekwe phambili ngokungafanele, futhi umoto kufanele akhulule amandla angaphezu kokuqondile ukuze abeke phambili. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umsebenzisi owaziyo uyazi ukuthi kufanele isibhakabhaka sibekwe kanjani ukuze sibhakabhe emithombweni ngokuphelele futhi sikhathaze ngokuphelele ukuze sisebenze ngamandla angaphezu kokuqondile.
Uhlobo lwemithombo kanye nesilinganiso semvula kusobala kumsebenzi wokukhathazeka kwesibhakabhaka. Umthwathi omkhulu uqiniseka umoto ukusebenza kakhulu kunomthwathi ongavali, ngoba imvula iyenza ukuthi kubhekwe phambili kakhulu. Isibhakabhaka esisebenzisa emaphakathi emthwathi okanye emadludlweni asobala ukuthi kuzokhathazeka kakhulu kunalesibhakabhaka esisebenzisa emhlabeni ongavali. Abasebenzisi kufanele bamenye izinkulungwane zokubeka isibhakabhaka, izinsimbi, kanye neziveli ngokuchaza kwezinhlobo zemithombo ukuze bakhathaze ngokuphelele futhi bakhelwe ukuthi bakhulele izindlela zokusebenza ngokuphelele.
Ukubhalwa Kwesiqulelo Kanye Nezingxenye Zokusebenza Zangaphandle
Ukuphakama Kwe-Tire, Umqondo, nokuthintana Kwemithambo
Ukuphakama kwe-tire yegreder ikwenzela ngokugcwele ukuthintana kwemithambo nokukhula kwezindikimba zokusebenza. Amatire angaphakamiswa kwegreder aya kongena ngokubhekelela kwezinsuku zomhlaba, okwenza ukuthintana okukhulu nokuzimisa amandla okusebenza kwe-engine ukuze igreder isondele phambili. Amatire atholakala ngokuphakamiswa kahle ayasinda ukuthintana kwemithambo, okuvumela igreder isebenze ngokulinganayo. Abafundi bokugcina izindawo zokusebenza kufanele bavumile ukuphakama kwe-tire yegreder ngaphambi kokushaya ngishwa ngishwa ngoba ukuphakama kuyathintana nesikhathi nezinkinga zokusebenza ezihlukene ngaphakathi kwesikhathi sokusebenza.
Umgama wakhe wonke we-grader, okungukuthi ngokubhalwa kwezinkampani noma izinkampani eziningi, kuyaphatha ukuthenga kwemoto ngokuphathelene. I-grader eyadlala izinkampani noma izinto ezingafanele ziyadlala imoto ngaphezu kweyodlala kuphela ukusenza umsebenzi wakho. Ngokufanayo, i-grader yobulawuli noma umgama owenziwe ukuze ibe yinkampani ekhaya kuzo zizindlela zokusebenza kuyakhula ukuthenga kwemoto. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwegama yegradernomkhawulo kufuneka kubhekwe kahle ngokubekwa kwezinhlobo zezinsimbi nezinto ezisemthwakathini.
Izinkinga zokuphatha nokuhlakanipha
Imizimba yomhlaba iyaphakamisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwemoto yokuqondisa ukuthi yiziphi izinkulungwane zokusebenza. Imiphumela yezintandokazi zokugcina imoto kuyasebenza ngokungafanele ngoba imoto emhlanweni ihlala isebenza ngokuphelele kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza, futhi imoto emhlanweni kufanele ibe nezinkinga zokuhlisa. Imoto yokuqondisa ekusebenzisa emazini aphakade ayasebenza ngokungafanele ngoba umoya ophakade uyabeka amandla okukhanya okungafanele, okubangela ukuthi kufanele kubekwe inkulungwane yezinkulungwane zokusebenza. Izinkulungwane nezinkambu ziyaphakamisa ukusebenza kwemoto yokuqondisa ngokukhulu ngoba imoto kufanele isebenze ngokukhulu ukuze ikhuphe noma ukuze ikhathazekwe ekususweni.
Amadusti nezinto ezingavuthi ziyabangela indlela yokusebenza yomkhweba. Umkhweba owenziwe ngokuphakamisa amandla kusukela emfushane yomkhweba ukuze uphinde ube nesikhathi eside sokufuna umkhweba, okubangela ukungafani kwezinye izinhlangano zokusebenza kanye nokuphula kwesikhathi sokusebenza. Ukubheka kanye nokucima kwezinhlangano zokuvula kwezinye izinhlangano zomkhweba kuyasebenza ngokuphelele ukuze kubhekwe isikhathi sokusebenza kanye nokugcina ukusebenza kwezinkambo zokufaka amandla. Okusebenzisa umkhweba emizini engezansi kakhulu kuyadinga ukusebenzisa izinhlangano zokuvula kwezinye izinhlangano kahle kakhulu ukuze umkhweba usebenze ngokuphelele.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ngabe ngikufanele ngicime umkhweba ngamazinga angaphansi kani ukuze ngigcine ukusebenza kwezinkambo zokufaka amandla?
Izikhathi zokusebenzisa iservisih sibonakalisa izikhathi zokusebenzisa igrede kanye nezimo zokusebenza, kodwa abaphathisi abaningi bavumela ukuthi iservisi yegrede yenzwe ngasemva kweminyaka engu-250–500 yokusebenza noma ngomnyaka wokugcina, okuphambili kwezimbili. Izimo eziphezulu kwezithuthi noma ukusebenza okuphezulu kungahleba ukuthi iservisi yegrede ibe yinzima kakhulu. Ukudala kwezinkambo zokudala kusiza ukuthi igrede ayisebenzi ngokungafanele, okuyisiphumo sokuvula kwezindawo zokudla, futhi kusiza ukuthi isikhundla sakho sisebenze ngokwesiphambili futhi kusivuma ukuthi ubhishwa kwezindawo zokudla.
Ukufunda umsebenzisi kungase kunciphisa ukudla kwegrede?
Yebo, ukufunda kwezimpahla zokusebenza kuyisimo esihle kakhulu sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokuphatha izinkulungwane ngokulinganayo. Abasebenzi abafundi bazazi izikhathi zespeed ezihle, ukubeka kwemphahla ngendlela eyodwa, nokuthuthukisa ngokushesha okuhle okuhlinzekile ukusebenza kwezinkulungwane ngokulinganayo. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izinkulungwane ezenziwa ngabasebenzi abafundi ziyasebenza ngokuqondile kunezinkulungwane ezenziwa ngabasebenzi abangafundi, ziyasebenza ngokulinganayo ngokuphatha 15–20% kancane. Ukufunda kwezimpahla kuhlinzeka futhi ukugcina kwezinkulungwane, kuhlinzeka izikhathi zokusebenzisa futhi kuhlinzeka izindleko zokusebenza zonke ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinkulungwane.
Ukuphakamisa kwamaphotha kuyaphatha ukusebenza kwezinkulungwane ngokulinganayo?
Ukuphakamisa kwesifuba kwezinyawo kunezinga elibonakalayo lokugcina ukuthi igrede kuyaphakama kanye nokusebenza kwemotola. Izinyawo ezingaphakamile kwegrede ziyakhula indawo yokuxhumana nesikhwama, okwenza ukuthi kubhekwe isikhathi eside ngokuzimela umotola. Igrede ephakamile kahle iyagcina ukuthi kuyaphakama kancane, okuvumela umotola ukusebenza kahle futhi ukudla amafueli angaphezu kwezinyawo. Ukujabula ukuphakamisa kwesifuba kwezinyawo kwegrede kabusha ngasinye isikhathi sokusebenza kuyinto encane engakwazi ukwenza, kodwa iyakunceda ukuthi ubheke amafueli ngokuphelele ngo-2–5% ngaphandle kokuthi kubheke izinto eziningi.