Izinyathelo zemoto yomkhawuli wezindawo eziphakeme – Izinyathelo ezihle kakhulu zokusebenza kwezindawo zokuhlela izinsizakaliso ngokuphelele

Izinhlelo zokulawula ngamanzi ezihlanganiswe ezingxenyeni zezimoto ezigaya umhlaba ziwumsebenzi wobuchwepheshe obuphambili obuguqula ukunemba nokusebenza kahle kokuhamba komhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zisebenzisa uketshezi lwe-hydraulic olunengcindezi ephezulu ukuze lusebenze ibhande, isiyingi, nemisebenzi yokuxhuma ngokuphendula nangokunemba okuphawulekayo. Amaphampu e-hydraulic akhiqiza ingcindezi engaguquguquki eyenza izingxenye ze-motor grader zigcine ukusebenza okuzinzile phakathi nemisebenzi edinga amandla. Amasekethe amaningi e-hydraulic avumela ukulawula okuzimele kwezingxenye ezahlukene ze-motor graders ngesikhathi esisodwa, enikeza opharetha ukuguquguquka okungakaze kube khona ngesikhathi semisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlukanisa. Ama-valve e-hydraulic asebenza ngesiphathimandla aphendula ngokushesha lapho kushaywa induku yokushayela, aguqule izinhloso zomqhubi zibe ukunyakaza okuqondile kwe-blade okufinyelela izici eziqondile. Lokhu kuphendula kususa isikhathi sokulibaziseka esihlobene nokuxhuma kwemishini, okuholela ekusebenzeni okubushelelezi nasezindaweni eziphakeme eziqediwe. Amathangi e-hydraulic asebenza ngezingxenye ze-grader motor anezobuchwepheshe bokuthungela obuthuthukisiwe obuvimbela ukuvuza futhi agcine ingcindezi ingaguquguquki ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. La masilinda angamelana namandla amakhulu ahlangana nawo ngesikhathi sokusebenza okunzima ngenkathi enikeza ukulawulwa okuqondile kwesikhundla. Amathangi e-hydraulic ahlanganisa izinhlelo zokuhlunga ezigcina uketshezi lwe-hydraulic luhlanzekile, kwandise isikhathi sokusebenza kwazo zonke izingxenye ze-motor grader futhi kunciphise izidingo zokugcinwa. Izindlela zokulawula izinga lokushisa zivimbela ukushisa ngokweqile kwe-hydraulic fluid, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo ngisho nangesikhathi sokusebenza isikhathi eside ezimweni ezishisayo. Izikhali zokulawula ezisebenza ngogesi ezihlanganiswe nezinhlelo ze-hydraulic zenza kube lula ukwenza imisebenzi ehlelwe kahle ukuze kusetshenziswe imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo, okunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi opharetha nokwenza ngcono ukuvumelana. Lezi zinhlelo zingakwazi ukugcina izikhundla eziningi zama-blade futhi zibuyele ngokuzenzakalelayo ekubunjweni okusethwe ngaphambilini, zenza lula ukuhamba komsebenzi futhi zinciphise isikhathi sokusetha phakathi kwemisebenzi ehlukene yokuhlukanisa. Ubuchwepheshe be-hydraulic-load sensing buqondisa ingcindezi yesistimu ngokusekelwe ekufuneni komthwalo wangempela, okwenza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kube ngcono kuyilapho kugcinwa ukusebenza okuphelele. Lokhu kulawula amandla okuhlakaniphile kwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini futhi kunciphise kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza. Izinhlelo ezihamba ngamanzi ezisebenza ngezingxenye ze-motor grader nazo zinezici zokuxilonga eziqapha isimo sohlelo futhi zixwayise opharetha ngezinkinga ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuba zibangele ukwehluleka, kunciphise isikhathi sokuphumula esingalindelekile nezindleko zokulungisa.

Ukugqamisa kwe-blade ne-circle kuyisibonelo sesibongo sokubhala isikhathi sokufunda izinkulungwane zemoto, kusinika amandla okukhupha ngokuphelele nokuhambisa izinto ezithile okuyikho kulezi zinhlobo zemashini. I-blade yemoldboard, eyakhiwe ngemithali engeyona yezinkulu, iyaphatha isibonelo sakho sokukhupha ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimithali ekuhlinzekeni kwezinto ezithile kanye nokuguqula phakathi kwemiphumela engeyona yezinkulu. Isimo sokukhupha sikhuluma ngamaphepha okuguqula okwenza ukuthi i-blade ibe nesikhathi eside sokusebenza ngokuphelele futhi ikhuthaza ukuthi isibonelo sokukhupha sibe nesikhathi esifanayo ngokuphelele kwezinsuku zokusebenza. Ukugqamisa kwe-circle kusinika amandla okukhupha i-blade ngokuphelele kwezinye izindawo, kusinika abasebenzi amandla ukuzihlanganisa nezinkinga zokubhala ngokusebenzisa isibonelo esisodwa. Lokhu kubhekise kwezindlela zokukhupha, kanye nokusebenzisa izinkulungwane zokukhupha ngokusha kanye nokuphakama ngokusha, kusinika izinkulungwane zemoto amandla okusebenza ngokuphelele kwezinhlobo zokuhambisa izinto ezithile kanye nokubhala izinye izindawo. Isistimu yokuxhuma kwe-drawbar isithumela amandla okuphelele kwe-mashini ku-blade ngokuphelele futhi isiqinisekisa ukuthi isibonelo sokukhupha siyaphatha ngokuphelele kanye nokunqoba isibonelo sokukhupha ngokuphelele. Izisitemu zezinkulungwane ezide kwi-circle ziyasiza ukuthi i-blade ikhuphe ngokuphelele phakathi kwemiphumela, kusinika abasebenzi amandla okusebenza ngokuphelele futhi kusiza ukuthi ukubhala kube ngokuphelele. I-blade inokukhupha kumaqanda kanye kumaqanda okukhupha izinto ezithile ngokuphelele kumaqanda okuyidingekile, ukwenza ukuthi izindawo zokuvula zizobhala ngokuphelele kanye nokuthola iziqu zokubhala ngokuphelele ngokuphelele. Amakhelwane okuphakama kanye nokukhupha kwezinkulungwane zemoto kusinika abasebenzi amandla ukuthintela isibonelo sokukhupha ngokuphelele phakathi kwemisebenzi, ukusinika amandla ukuthi isibonelo sokukhupha sibe nesikhathi esifanayo ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezithile. Isifundo sokukhupha ngokuphambuka kusinika isibonelo sokukhupha ukuthi sifunde ngokuphelele kwezindawo zomhlaba ngokuphelele futhi sibhale ngokuphelele kanye nokuthintela amandla okusebenza ngokuphelele. Izisitemu zokukhupha ngokuzenzakalelayo zisilungisele kusukela kwe-GPS ukuthi zibhale ngokuphelele ngokuphelele kanye nokuthintela abasebenzi ngokuphelele, ukuthola ukubhala ngokuphelele kwe-millimeter okuyingapheleli kwezinhlobo zokubhala ngokuphelele. Izisitemu zokuxhuma ezide ezisilungisele kulezi zinkulungwane zemoto ziyathintela amandla okuphelele okuthi ziyabhalwa ngokuphelele kanye nokuthintela ukuthi isibonelo sokukhupha siyaphatha ngokuphelele kanye nokuthintela ukuthi isibonelo sokukhupha siyaphatha ngokuphelele kwezinye izindawo zokubhala.

Izinqamulelo zemoto nezinqamulelo zokuhamba ziyabeka ubumbiko lwamapharti we-motor grader, zinikeza ubumbiko, ukuthiwa nokuhamba okudingekile kuzo zonke izindlela zokusebenza ngokuphelele. Umqondo wokubeka amaxhwele emva ngokuphakanyiswa kuyenza ukuthi umkhondo wemoto uhlakale kahle ngokuphelele futhi unikeza ukuthiwa okukhulu kumazinyo okunyuka kwezindawo ezingavumelekile. Lezi zinqamulelo zokuhamba ziyasebenzisa izilokhu zokugxila okuzimele (differential locks) okuzisela ukuthi amasweli asihlabe kumazinyo angafanele noma amazinyo angahlanjwa, okuhlinzekile ukuthi umoto uyahlala uhlalela phambili nokuthiwa okuphelele kumaqondo akungahlanjwa. Umqondo wokugxila kwamaxhwele omphambili wamapharti we-motor grader uyathintela ukuthi amapharti ahlale aphakamise kumazinyo angahlanjwa ngokuphelele, futhi uyahlinzeka ukuthiwa kokufunda nokuhlaka kwezimboni zomsebenzisi. Izinqamulelo zokuphatha ukuthiwa (suspension systems) ezifakwe kuleli mapharti we-motor grader ziyathintela izinyo zemoto zokuthiwa kumazinyo angahlanjwa, zibhala imoto nezimboni kusukela kwezinyo ezinkulu zokuthiwa nokusha kwezinyo. Izinketho zemithi yezinyo ziyathintela izimo zokusebenza zonke, kusukela kwezinyo zokuthiwa kumthawu omdubi ozidinga izinyo zokuthiwa kumthawu omdubi, kuze kwezinyo zokusebenza kumazinyo amakhulu ozidinga izinyo ezinamandla yokuthiwa. Izinqamulelo zokuhamba ziyathintela amandla wemoto ngokuphelele kumazinyo ngokusebenzisa izitshixo ezikhulu ezinamandla okuthiwa okuphelele, okunikeza izinhlobo zokuhamba zonke zokusebenza kuzo zonke izimo zokusebenza. Lezi zitshixo ziyasebenzisa izithixo zokuthiwa (torque converters) okuzimele okuthiwa amandla wemoto kumaqondo akungahlanjwa, okunikeza ukuthiwa okuphelele ngokuphelele noma yiziphi izimo zokuload. Ukuthiwa kwezinyo zonke (all-wheel drive capability) ekhona kwezimapharti eziphelele zemotor grader ziyathintela ukuthiwa nokuhamba kahle, okuyisivumelwano esikhulu kumaqondo akungahlanjwa kwezindawo eziphakanyayo futhi kumaqondo akungahlanjwa kwezimo zokuphansi. Izinqamulelo zokufunda ziyasebenzisa ukuthiwa kwezilayithi (hydraulic assistance) ukunikeza ukuthiwa okuphelele futhi ukunciphisa ukuthiwa kwezimboni kumaqondo akungahlanjwa. Ukuthiwa kwezinyo ezincane (tight turning radius) ekhona kuleli mapharti we-motor grader kuyathintela ukuthiwa kahle kumazinyo angafanele, okuvuma ukuthi kubhekwa kahle kumazinyo angafanele futhi kukhula ukuthiwa kwezimboni kusukela kwezinyo ezincane. Izinqamulelo zokuxhabela ziyasebenzisa izinqamulelo zokuxhabela kanye nezinqamulelo zokuxhabela kumkhiyana (service and parking brake functions) nezinhlobo zokuxhabela ezinamandla okuxhabela imoto ngokuphelele kumazinyo amakhulu noma kumazinyo amakhulu okuxhabela kumazinyo amakhulu. Izinqamulelo zemoto ziyathintela ukuthiwa kwezinyo ngokusebenzisa iziqondiso zokuthiwa kanye nezinqamulelo zokuthiwa kwezinyo (protective coatings and sealed bearing designs) okuzimele ukuthi zingalindeki kwezinyo zokuthiwa kanye nokuthiwa kwezinyo. Ukuthiwa kwezinqamulelo zokuhamba kuyancipha ngokusebenzisa izinqamulelo zokusebenza ezinamandla futhi ukuthiwa kwezinqamulelo zokusebenza kuyancipha ukuthiwa kwezinqamulelo zokusebenza kanye nokuthiwa kwezinqamulelo zokusebenza. Lezi mapharti we-motor grader ziyasebenzisa izinqamulelo zokujonga (monitoring systems) okuzimele okujonga ukusebenza kwezinqamulelo futhi okunika isibonelo kwezimboni ngokuthiwa kwezinqamulelo zokusebenza, okuvuma ukuthi kungavumelekile ukuthiwa kwezinqamulelo zokusebenza kanye nokuthiwa kwezinqamulelo zokusebenza ngokuphelele.